Veire la font de Yankee Doodle

[[Fichièr:Yankee Doodle.JPG|thumb|right|Premièrs vèrses de la cançon gravats sus una placa, dins un pargue american.]]
'''''Yankee Doodle''''' es una cançon angloamericana que las primièras versions datan d'abans la [[Guèrra de Sèt Ans]] e la [[Revolucion americana]].<ref name="abcnews">{{cite news|last1=Mooney|first1=Mark|title='Yankee Doodle Dandy' Explained and Other Revolutionary Facts|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/yankee-doodle-dandy-explained-revolutionary-facts/story?id=24314207|accessdate=6 May 2016|publisher=ABC News|date=14 July 2014}}</ref> D'en primièr cantada per las tropas britanicas per escarnir los colons americans ("doodle" vòl dire "nèci" o "bofon"), es puèi utilizada coma canta patriotica pels [[Estats Units|americans]]. Es uèi l'imne de l'[[Connecticut|Estat de Connecticut]].<ref>[https://www.webcitation.org/65Og52M8Y?url=http://www.ct.gov/sots/cwp/view.asp?a=3188 STATE OF CONNECTICUT, Sites º Seals º Symbols]; ''Connecticut State Register & Manual''; retrieved on May 23, 2008</ref> Òm pensa que la melodia es fòrça mai anciana que las paraulas e lo subjècte, datant de las cançons folcloricas de l'Euròpa medievala.<ref name=meaning>[[Helen Kendrick Johnson|Johnson, Helen Kendrick]]. "The Meaning of Song" in ''[[The North American Review]] vol.138, no.330'' (1884): p.491. Retrieved 17 June 2016 from {{JSTOR|25118383}}</ref><ref name=immortal>{{cite book | last = Banks | first = Louis Albert | title = Immortal Songs of Camp and Field: The Story of Their Inspiration, Together with Striking Anecdotes Connected with Their History | publisher = Burrows Brothers Company | year = 1898 | page = 44}}</ref>

==Origina e istòria==
[[Imatge:Yankee Doodle harmonization 36.png|thumb|left|320px|Armonizacion de Yankee Doodle]]
[[Fichièr:Yankee Doodle harmonization.mid|thumb|left|Armonizacion de Yankee Doodle (piano).]]
[[Fichièr:Philip Dawe, The Macaroni. A Real Character at the Late Masquerade (1773).jpg|right|thumb|"The Macaroni. A real Character at the late Masquerade", [[mezzotint]] per [[Philip Dawe]], 1773]]
Òm pensa que la melodia de Yankee Doodle es fòrça mai anciana que las paraulas e qu'es ben coneguda dins tota l'[[Euròpa occidentala]], subretot en [[Anglatèrra]], en [[França]], en [[Olanda]], en [[Ongria]] e en [[Espanha]].<ref name=meaning></ref> Los primièrs mots de "Yankee Doodle" son tirats d'una cançon sus la recòlta olandesa del centre qu'auriá seguit la meteissa melodia, datant probablament de la Olanda del [[sègle XV]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/04/opinion/yankee-doodle-dandy.html Yankee Doodle Dandy], ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref><ref name=encyclo>{{cite book | last = Elson | first = Louis Charles | title = University Musical Encyclopedia: A history of music | volume = 2 | page = 82 | year = 1912}}</ref> Conteniá principalament de mots absurds en anglés e en neerlandés: "Yanker, didel, doodle down, Diddle, dudel, lanther, Yanke viver, voover vown, Botermilk und tanther."<ref name=meaning/><ref name=immortal/><ref name=encyclo/> Als [[Païses Basses]], los obrièrs agricòlas recebián "tant de [[lach]] que ne podián beure, e un desen (tanther) del [[gran]]".<ref name=immortal/><ref name=encyclo/>

Lo tèrme ''Doodle'' es aparegut en anglés a la debuta del [[sègle XVII]]<ref>"doodle", n, Oxford English Dictionary; accessed April 29, 2009.</ref> e seriá derivat del ''dudel'' [[bas-saxon]], que significa "jogar mal de musica", o de ''Dödel'', que significa "imbecil". La perruca de macaroni èra una mòda extrèma dins las [[annadas 1770]] e venguèt un argòt per èsser un dandi.<ref>J. Woodforde, ''The Strange Story of False Hair'' (London: Taylor & Francis, 1971), p. 40.</ref> Los dandis èran d'òmes qu'acordavan una importància particulara a l'aparéncia fisica, al lengatge rafinat e als lésers. Un dandi autoproclamat èra un òme de la classa mejana britanica qu'imitava un estil de vida aristocratica. Portavan subretot de bendas de seda, de las plumas pegadas a lor capèl e portavan doas mòstras de pòcha amb de cadenas - "una per indicar l'ora qu'èra e l'autre per indicar quina ora èra pas".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Grose|first1=Francis|last2=Egan|first2=Pierce|title=Grose's Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue: Revised and Corrected with the Addition of Numerous Slang Phrases Collected from Tried Authorities|date=1823|location=London|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0F1GAAAAYAAJ&pg=PT8#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>

La perruca en macaroni èra un exemple d'aquela mòda de dandi [[rococo]], populara dins las elitas en Euròpa occidentala e fòrt ridiculizada dins la premsa londonenca. Lo tèrme ''macaroni'' èra utilizat per descriure un òme a la mòda que se vestissiá e parlava d'una manièra desfrenada e efeminada. Lo tèrme se referís d'un biais pejoratiu a un òme qu'"a depassat los limits de la mòda ordinària"<ref>''The Macaroni and Theatrical Magazine'', inaugural issue, 1772, quoted in Amelia Rauser, "Hair, Authenticity, and the Self-Made Macaroni", ''Eighteenth-Century Studies'' '''38'''.1 (2004:101-117) ([http://muse.jhu.edu/demo/eighteenth-century_studies/v038/38.1rauser.html on-line abstract]).</ref> en tèrmes de vestits, de repaisses fastigoses e de jòcs d'azard.

Dins la convèrsa britanica, lo tèrme "Yankee doodle dandy" implicava un destornament sens pretension de la mòda rafinada, coma se lo simple fach de se metre una casqueta ne fariá un casièr nòble.<ref>R. Ross, ''Clothing: a global history: or, The Imperialists' new clothes'' (Polity, 2008), p. 51.</ref> Peter McNeil, professor d'estudis de mòda, pretend que los britanics insinuavan que los colons èran d'òmes de la classa inferiora sens masculinitat, soslinhant que los òmes americans èran afemelits.<ref>Peter McNeil, ''That Doubtful Gender: Macaroni Dress and Male Sexualities'' (Fashion Theory, 1998), pp. 411-48.</ref>

===Primièras versions===
[[Imatge:Sprit of '76.2.jpeg|thumb|right|L'''esperit de '76'' (o ''Yankee Doodle''), per [[Archibald MacNeal Willard]], circa [[1875]]]]
La cançon èra cantada per d'oficièrs de l'armada britanica abans la guèrra d'independéncia per se trufar dels "Yankees" colonials descofats e desorganizats amb los quals avián servit dins la [[guèrra francoindiana]]. Lo cirurgian de l'armada britanica, Richard Shuckburgh, escriguèt cap a [[1755]] mentre que fasiá campanha dins lo nòrd de l'[[Estat de Nòva York]].<ref name=Etymol /> Las tropas britanicas l'an cantat per se trufar de l'estereotipe del soldat american, lo d'un simple Yankee que pensava qu'èra elegant quora se pegava simplament una pluma per la casqueta.<ref name="abcnews"/> Èra populara tanben demest los americans coma una cançon de desfís,<ref name="abcnews"/> e i an apondut de verses que se trufavan de las tropas britanicas e an saludat [[George Washington]] coma comandant de l'armada continentala. En [[1781]], Yankee Doodle èra pas mai un insult mas una cançon de fiertat nacionala.<ref name="congress">{{cite web|title=Historical Period: The American Revolution, 1763-1783 - Lyrical legacy - Yankee doodle song|url=https://www.loc.gov/teachers/lyrical/songs/yankee_doodle.html|website=www.loc.gov/teachers/lyrical/songs/yankee_doodle.html|publisher=Library of Congress|accessdate=May 6, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |editor-last=Lomax |editor-first=John Avery |last=Lomax |first=Alan |title=American ballads and f-28276-3|page=521 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=Dn0cSe2ecuoC|isbn=9780486282763 |year=1994 }}</ref> 

Segon un raconte, Shuckburgh escriguèt las paraulas originalas après aver vist l'aparéncia de las tropas colonialas del coronèl Thomas Fitch, filh del governador de Connecticut, Thomas Fitch.<ref name="SSBHCYD">{{Cite book|last=Sonneck|first=Oscar George Theodore|authorlink=Oscar George Theodore Sonneck|title=Report on The Star-spangled Banner, Hail Columbia, America, Yankee Doodle|publisher=New York, Dover Publications [1972]|isbn=978-0-486-22237-0|year=1972}}</ref> Segon Etymology Online, "la version actuala sembla èsser estada escricha en [[1776]] per Edward Bangs, un estudiant en segonda annada de Harvard qu'èra egalament un Minuteman".<ref name=Etymol>{{cite dictionary |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/Yankee%20Doodle#etymonline_v_24684|title=Yankee Doodle |dictionary=Online Etymology Dictionary |accessdate=October 5, 2018 }}</ref> Escriguèt una balada amb 15 verses qu'a circulat a [[Boston]] e dins las vilas als entorns en [[1775]] o 1776.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americanmusicpreservation.com/BostonYankeeDoodle.htm|title=Boston Yankee Doodle Ballad - "Father And I Went Down To Camp"|website=www.americanmusicpreservation.com}}</ref>

Après la [[batalha de Lexington e Concord]], un jornal de Boston a raportat:

:A son retorn a Boston [secutats pels Minutemen], un [britanic] demandèt a son fraire oficièr cossí sonava la melodia ara: - "Bon Dieu", diguèt, "nos an fach dançar fins a çò que foguèssem cansats" - dempuèi, Yankee Doodle sembla mens suau a sas aurelhas.

La primièra version coneguda de las paraulas data de 1755 o 1758, la data d'origina essent contestada:<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ajc.com/metro/content/news/stories/2008/07/05/yankeedoodle.html?cxntlid=inform_sr|title=Wish 'Yankee Doodle' a happy 250th birthday. Maybe. |last=Carola|first=Chris|date=July 5, 2008|newspaper=Atlanta Journal-Constitution|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=September 10, 2009 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629101536/http://www.ajc.com/metro/content/news/stories/2008/07/05/yankeedoodle.html?cxntlid=inform_sr|archivedate=June 29, 2011}}</ref>

:Brother Ephraim sold his Cow
:And bought him a Commission;
:And then he went to Canada
:To fight for the Nation;

:But when Ephraim he came home
:He proved an arrant Coward,
:He wouldn't fight the Frenchmen there
:For fear of being devoured.

La particion qu'acompanha aquelas paraulas se legís coma seguís: "Los mots a cantar pel nas, e dins lo *drawl e lo dialècte del país occidental." La melodia es egalament apareguda en [[1762]] dins un dels primièrs opèras comics d'America, ''[[The Disappointment]]'', amb de paraulas feblòtas sus la recerca del tresaur sebelit de [[Barba Negra]] per una equipa de [[Filadèlfia]].<ref>Bobrick, 148</ref> Un autre verset que los britanics aurián seguit seriá estat atribuit a un incident implicant Thomas Ditson de Billerica, Massachusetts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.billericalibrary.org/thomas-ditson.html|title=Thomas Ditson|website=Billerica Public Library|access-date=2016-12-27|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228034436/http://www.billericalibrary.org/thomas-ditson.html|archivedate=2016-12-28}}</ref> Los soldats britanics an gomat e plumat Ditson perque aviá temptat de crompar un [[mosquet]] a Boston en març de [[1775]]; n'a evidentament obtengut un puèi, que s'es batut a Concord.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Dick |last1=Hawes |first2=Bill |last2=Brimer |title=Yankee Doodle Story |url=https://bcmm.us/yankee-doodle-story/ |website=Billerica Colonial Minute Men |accessdate=September 2, 2018 |location=The Thomas Ditson Story |date=August 16, 2017}}</ref> Per aquela rason, la vila de Billerica es sonada l'ostal de Yankee Doodle:<ref>[http://www.bcmm.us/yankee_doodle.htm The Billerica Colonial Minute Men; ''The Thomas Ditson story'']; retrieved January 31, 2013.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090626220816/http://www.billericalibrary.org/main/genealogy/yankee.htm ''Town History and Genealogy'']; retrieved October 20, 2008.</ref>

:Yankee Doodle came to town,
:For to buy a firelock,
:We will tar and feather him,
:And so we will [[John Hancock]].

Un autre extrach de paraulas pròsbritanicas censadas aver utilizat la melodia es estat publicat en junh de [[1775]] après la [[batalha de Bunker Hill]]:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1870/whats-the-song-yankee-doodle-all-about|title=What's the song "Yankee Doodle" all about?|last=|first=|date=January 4, 2001 |website=[[The Straight Dope]]|access-date=August 31, 2016 }}</ref>

:The seventeen of June, at Break of Day,
:The Rebels they supriz'd us,
:With their strong Works, which they'd thrown up,
:To burn the Town and drive us.

Yankee Doodle es estat jogat durant la capitulacion britanica a Saratoga en [[1777]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Luzader|first=John F.|title=Saratoga: A Military History of the Decisive Campaign of the American Revolution|year=2008|publisher=Savas Beatie|location=New York |isbn=978-1-932714-44-9|page=335}}</ref> Una varianta es conservada dins l'edicion de 1810 de Garmer Gurton's Garland: O, The Nursery Parnassus, reünida per [[Francis Douce]]:

:Yankey Doodle came to town,
:How do you think they serv'd him?
:One took his bag, another his scrip,
:The quicker for to starve him.

===Dins la cultura populara===
*La version enregistrada per l'estèla del [[banjo]] [[Vess L. Ossman]] en [[1894]] per la North American Phonograph Company obtenguèt un grand succès.<ref name="Sulivan 2013">{{ouvrage|langue=en |prénom=Steve |nom=Sullivan |titre=Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings |éditeur=Rowman & Littlefield |année=2017 |volume=3-4 |pages totales=832 |isbn=978-1442254480 |lire en ligne=https://books.google.fr/books?id=GQglDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false |passage=5}}</ref>

*Lo [[Lista dels presidents dels Estats Units d'America|president]] [[John F. Kennedy]] crompèt un pòni per sa filha [[Caroline Kennedy|Caroline]] mentre que se trobava a l'[[Ostal Blanc]]. La familha l'anomenèt "Macaroni" segon la cançon "Yankee Doodle," e mai que dins la cançon lo nom siá donat a un capèl de plumas e non pas a un pòni.

*La [[Votz d'America]] utiliza "Yankee Doodle" coma [[signal d'interval]] per començar e acabar totas las emissions.<ref name="Berg, Jerome S. 1999, page 104">{{cite book|author=Berg, Jerome S.|title=On the Short Waves, 1923-1945: Broadcast Listening in the Pioneer Days of Radio|date=1999|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-0506-0|page=104}}</ref>

*L'aire foguèt utilizat durant la campanha presidenciala de 1800.

==Paraulas complètas==
[[Fichièr:Yankee Doodle (choral).ogg|thumb|right|Version de ''Yankee Doodle'' per la United States Army Chorus (Corala de l'armada dels Estats Units).]]
[[Fichièr:Violinist CARRIE REHKOPF-YANKEE DOODLE VARIATIONS.ogg|thumb|right|Variacions de ''Yankee Doodle'' interpretada per la violinista Carrie Rehkopf.]]
[[Fichièr:36 Yankee Doodle.png|thumb|right]]
La version completa de la cançon tala qu'es coneguda uèi:<ref>Gen. George P. Morris - "Original Yankee Words", ''The Patriotic Anthology'', Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc. publishers, 1941. Introduction by Carl Van Doren. Literary Guild of America, Inc., New York, NY.</ref><ref>Penrhyn Wingfield Coussens, editor. ''Poems Children Love: A Collection of Poems Arranged for Children and Young People of Various Ages.'' Dodge Publishing Company, New York, 1908. pp. 183-5.</ref>
{|
|Original
|Traduccion literala (de completar)
|-
| valign="top"| 

{{lang|en|
:Yankee Doodle went to town
:A-riding on a pony,
:Stuck a feather in his cap
:And called it macaroni.

:''Repic :''

:Yankee Doodle keep it up,
:Yankee Doodle dandy,
:Mind the music and the step,
:And with the girls be handy.

:Father and I went down to camp,
:Along with Captain Gooding<ref>Lo capitani William Gooding (de [[Dighton (Massachusetts)|Dighton, Massachusetts]], comandat una companhiá de milícia pendant la guèrra francoindiana.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Connelley |first1=William E. |authorlink1=William E. Connelley |title=A Standard History of Kansas and Kansans: Volume IV |date=1918 |publisher=Lewis Publishing Company |location=Chicago |page=2061 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=i2YUAAAAYAAJ&q=%22William+Gooding%22+%22yankee+doodle%22&dq=%22William+Gooding%22+%22yankee+doodle%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjT0szv1rfjAhWnQUEAHT2mBZoQ6AEIKjAA |accessdate=15 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
:And there we saw the men and boys
:As thick as hasty pudding.

:''Repic''

:And there we saw a thousand men
:As rich as Squire David,
:And what they wasted every day,
:I wish it could be savèd.

:''Repic''

:The 'lasses they eat every day,
:Would keep a house a winter;
:They have so much, that I'll be bound,
:They eat it when they've a mind to.

:''Repic''

:And there I see a swamping<ref>Mai granda; enòrma.</ref> gun
:Large as a log of maple,
:Upon a deuced little cart,
:A load for father's cattle.

:''Repic''

:And every time they shoot it off,
:It takes a horn of powder,
:And makes a noise like father's gun,
:Only a nation<ref>corrupcion de "damnation" (lit. ''damnacion''): Immens, enòrme, plan/fòrt, extremament</ref> louder.

:''Repic''

:I went as nigh to one myself
:As 'Siah's underpinning;
:And father went as nigh again,
:I thought the deuce was in him.

:''Repic''

:Cousin Simon grew so bold,
:I thought he would have cocked it;
:It scared me so I shrinked it off
:And hung by father's pocket.

:''Repic''

:And Cap'n Davis had a gun,
:He kind of clapt his hand on't
:And stuck a crooked stabbing iron
:Upon the little end on't

:''Repic''

:And there I see a pumpkin shell
:As big as mother's basin,
:And every time they touched it off
:They scampered like the nation.

:''Repic''

:I see a little barrel too,
:The heads were made of leather;
:They knocked on it with little clubs
:And called the folks together.

:''Repic''

:And there was Cap'n Washington,
:And gentle folks about him;
:They say he's grown so 'tarnal proud
:He will not ride without 'em.

:''Repic''

:He got him on his meeting clothes,
:Upon a slapping stallion;
:He sat the world along in rows,
:In hundreds and in millions.

:''Repic''

:The flaming ribbons in his hat,
:They looked so tearing fine, ah,
:I wanted dreadfully to get
:To give to my Jemima.

:''Repic''

:I see another snarl of men
:A-digging graves, they told me,
:So 'tarnal long, so 'tarnal deep,
:They 'tended they should hold me.

:''Repic''

:It scared me so, I hooked it off,
:Nor stopped, as I remember,
:Nor turned about till I got home,
:Locked up in mother's chamber.

:''Repic''
}}
| valign="top" | 
:Yankee Doodle s'es retornat en vila
:A caval sus un pòni;
:A pegat una pluma dins son capèl
:E lo cridèt "macaroni".
|}

==Nòtas e referéncias==
{{reflist}}

[[Categoria:Cant patriotic]]
[[Categoria:Simbòl dels Estats Units]]
[[Categoria:Guèrra d'Independéncia dels Estats Units]]
[[Categoria:Cançon oficiala d'un Estat american]]
[[Categoria:Cant patriotic american]]